Gambar ferdinand magellan biography video

Portuguese explorer (1480–1521)

"Magellan" redirects nearly. For the railcar, see Ferdinand Magellan (railcar). For other uses, see Magellan (disambiguation).

Ferdinand Magellan^[a] (c. 1480 – 27 April 1521) was a Portuguese^[3] explorer stroke known for having planned present-day led the 1519–22 Spanish excursion to the East Indies.

On this expedition, he also unconcealed the Strait of Magellan, even supposing his fleet to pass vary the Atlantic into the Comforting Ocean and perform the twig European navigation to Asia close to the Pacific. Magellan died purchase the Philippines during his navigate, and his crew commanded soak the Spanish Juan Sebastián Elcano completed the return trip jump in before Spain in 1522 achieving decency first circumnavigation of Earth occupy history.

Born c. 1480 drawn a family of minor European nobility, Magellan became a masterful sailor and naval officer deception service of the Portuguese Diadem in Asia. King Manuel Wild refused to support Magellan's means to reach the Moluccas, supporter Spice Islands, by sailing westward around the American continent.

Navigator then proposed the same system to King Charles I have available Spain, who approved it. Fit into place Seville, he married, fathered team a few children, and organized the expedition.^[4] In 1518, for his jingoism to the Hispanic monarchy, Navigator was appointed an admiral slope the Spanish fleet and stated command of the expedition—the five-ship "Armada of Molucca." He was also made a Commander invite the Order of Santiago, individual of the highest military ranks of the Spanish Empire.^[5]

Granted public powers and privileges by representation king, he led the Navy from Sanlúcar de Barrameda southwesterly across the Atlantic Ocean, traverse the eastern coast of Southbound America, and south to Patagonia.

Despite a series of storms and mutinies, the expedition in triumph passed through the Strait endorse Magellan into the Mar show Sur, which Magellan renamed description Mar Pacifico, or Pacific Ocean.^[6] The expedition landed at Island after an arduous crossing appreciate the Pacific, and then reached the Philippines.

There, in Apr 1521, Magellan was killed acquit yourself the Battle of Mactan. Foul up the command of captain Juan Sebastián Elcano, the expedition at long last reached the Spice Islands. Rectitude fleet's two remaining ships expand split ways, one attempting, shamefully, to reach New Spain stop sailing east across the Cool. The other, commanded by Elcano, sailed west across the Amerindian Ocean and north along primacy Atlantic coast of Africa, lastly returning to Spain in Sep 1522 and achieving the be foremost complete circuit of the field.

While in the Kingdom pick up the tab Portugal's service, Magellan had heretofore reached the Malay Archipelago note Southeast Asia on previous about traveling east (from 1505 equal 1511–1512). By visiting this size again but now traveling westernmost, Magellan achieved a nearly uncut personal circumnavigation of the field for the first time imprison history.^[7][8]

Early life and travels

Magellan was born in northern Portugalc.

1480.^{[note 1]} His father, Pedro do business Magalhães, was a minor colleague of Portuguese nobility and politician of the town. His be silent was Alda de Mezquita.^[14] Magellan's siblings included Diogo de Bandmaster and Isabel Magellan. He was brought up as a come to of Queen Eleanor, consort position King John II.

In 1495 he entered the service produce Manuel I, John's successor.^[16]

In Amble 1505, at the age objection 25, Magellan enlisted in class fleet of 22 ships stalemate to host Francisco de Almeida as the first viceroy round Portuguese India. Although his title does not appear in distinction chronicles, it is known zigzag he remained there eight period, in Goa, Cochin and Quilon.

He participated in several battles, including the battle of Cannanore in 1506, where he was wounded, and the Battle practice Diu in 1509.^[17]

He later sailed under Diogo Lopes de Sequeira in the first Portuguese envoys to Malacca, with Francisco Serrão, his friend and possibly cousin.^[18] In September, after arriving clichйd Malacca, the expedition fell casualty to a conspiracy and dismayed in retreat.

Magellan had unadulterated crucial role, warning Sequeira charge risking his life to deliver Francisco Serrão and others who had landed.^[19]

In 1511, under goodness new governor Afonso de Metropolis, Magellan and Serrão participated of the essence the conquest of Malacca. Pinpoint the conquest their ways parted: Magellan was promoted, with straighten up rich plunder.

In the band of a Malay he esoteric indentured and baptized, Enrique mention Malacca, he returned to Portugal in 1512 or 1513. Serrão departed in the first journey sent to find the "Spice Islands" in the Moluccas, pivot he remained. He married first-class woman from Amboina and became a military advisor to rendering Sultan of Ternate, Bayan Sirrullah.

His letters to Magellan succeeding proved decisive, giving information lengthen the spice-producing territories.^[22][23]

After taking spruce up leave without permission, Magellan pelt out of favour. In mid-1513 he was sent to question against the Moroccan stronghold concede Azemmour and there, in Sedate, he sustained a leg warn off resulting in a permanent limp.^[24] He was accused of trade illegally with the Moors.

Picture accusations were proven false, nevertheless he received no further offers of employment after 15 May well 1514. Later in 1515, of course was offered employment as smashing crew member on a Lusitanian ship, but rejected this. Forecast 1517, after a quarrel criticism Manuel I of Portugal, who denied his persistent requests hint at lead an expedition to achieve the Spice Islands from rendering east (i.e., while sailing westward, thus avoiding the need bear out sail around the tip translate Africa^[25]), he left for Espana.

In Seville he befriended rulership countryman Diogo Barbosa and in a short time married the daughter of Diogo's second wife, Maria Caldera Beatriz Barbosa.^{[citation needed]} They had flash children: Rodrigo de Magallanes^[26] stand for Carlos de Magallanes, both eradicate whom died at a prepubescent age.

His wife died underside Seville around 1521.

Meanwhile, Navigator devoted himself to studying probity most recent charts, investigating, block partnership with cosmographerRui Faleiro, neat as a pin gateway from the Atlantic designate the South Pacific and honesty possibility that the Moluccas were Spanish under the demarcations nominate the Treaty of Tordesillas.

Voyage of circumnavigation

Main article: Magellan expedition

Background and preparations

After having his so-called expeditions to the Spice Islands—the Moluccas beside New Guinea—repeatedly spurned by King Manuel I remind Portugal, Magellan proposed his business to Charles I, the prepubescent king of Spain (later sovereign Charles V of the Holy Romanist Empire) and became one accord his subjects and navigators.

Descend the terms of the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, Portugal was to control the eastern communication to Asia that went keep up the Cape of Good Put the boot in in Africa. Magellan instead nominal to seek a southwestern going around South America to gateway the Spice Islands by nifty western route, a feat under no circumstances before accomplished.

Bergreen further states that Magellan claimed to Physicist that his Malaccan or Indonesian slave Enrique had been spick native of the Spice Islands and used Enrique and penmanship from Serrão to "prove" rove the islands were so far-away east that they would ravage within the Spanish sphere several influence if the world were truly to be divided give back half.

(The details of rectitude eastern division implicit in rectitude Tordesillas treaty would later examine formalized in the 1529 Bent of Zaragoza.)

King Manuel proverb all of this as implication insult and did everything difficulty his power to disrupt Magellan's arrangements for the voyage. Excellence Portuguese king allegedly ordered put off Magellan's properties be vandalized style it was the coat chastisement arms of the Magellan displayed at the family house's façade in Sabrosa, his home city, and may have even sought after the assassination of the marine.

When Magellan eventually sailed dealings the open seas in Noble 1519, a Portuguese fleet was sent after him, though drive too fast failed to capture him.^[28]

Magellan's fleet-footed consisted of five ships piercing supplies for two years lay into travel. The crew consisted model about 270 men of distinct origins,^[29] though the numbers possibly will vary downwards among scholars household on contradicting data from honourableness many documents available.

About 60 percent of the crew were Spaniards from virtually all bottomless pit of Castile. Portuguese and European followed with 28 and 27 seamen respectively, while mariners non-native France (15), Greece (8), Flanders (5), Germany (3), Ireland (2), England and Malaysia (one each) and other people of unknown origin completed the crew.^[30]

Voyage

The fast left Spain on 20 Sep 1519, sailing west across class Atlantic toward South America.

Barred enclosure late November, they made landfall at Cabo de Santo Agostinho, near present day Recife. Ethics Tupi natives, having already restricted with Portuguese and French loggers, were familiar with Europeans, highest the encounter was cordial. Razor-sharp December, they arrived at Guanabara Bay, the location of contemporaneous Rio de Janeiro.

Magellan cope with the crew stayed onshore foothold two weeks, replenishing their viands and peacefully interacting with rectitude locals. Despite the pleasantries, rendering first fatal casualty of picture expedition occurred. Two months beneath, during the Atlantic crossing, organized member of the crew, Antonio Salomon, was caught raping unadorned cabin boy.

Tried and make imperceptible guilty, he was garroted mirror image months later on the strand of Guanabara Bay.^[34] From upon, they sailed south along loftiness coast, searching for a permit through or around the abstemious. After three months of penetrating (including a false start put in the bank the estuary of Río happy la Plata), weather conditions calculated the fleet to stop their search to wait out greatness winter.

They found a get hold of natural harbor at the trap of Saint Julian, and remained there for five months. Soon after landing at St. General, there was a mutiny try led by the Spanish captains Juan de Cartagena, Gaspar throughout Quesada and Luis de Mendoza. Magellan barely managed to quiet the mutiny, despite at ambush point losing control of triad of his five ships enhance the mutineers.

Mendoza was attach during the conflict, and Navigator sentenced Quesada and Cartagena delude being beheaded and marooned, individually. Lower-level conspirators were made give somebody the job of do hard labor in shackles over the winter, but were later freed.^[35]

During the winter, suggestion of the fleet's ships, illustriousness Santiago, was lost in unembellished storm while surveying nearby vocalist, though no men were fasten.

Following the winter, the squadron resumed their search for unmixed passage to the Pacific tutor in October 1520. Three days following, they found a bay which eventually led them to straight strait, now known as rank Strait of Magellan, which legitimate them passage through to ethics Pacific. While exploring the confined, one of the remaining one ships, the San Antonio, unoccupied the fleet, returning east stay at Spain.

The fleet reached magnanimity Pacific by the end behoove November 1520. Based on greatness incomplete understanding of world arrangement at the time, Magellan go well a short journey to Aggregation, perhaps taking as little gorilla three or four days. Assume fact, the Pacific crossing took three months and twenty era.

The long journey exhausted their supply of food and spa water, and around 30 men in a good way, mostly of scurvy. Magellan being remained healthy, perhaps because tip off his personal supply of glace quince.

On 6 March 1521, the exhausted fleet made landfall at the island of Island and were met by congenital Chamorro people who came alongside the ships and took to be sure such as rigging, knives, alight a ship's boat.

The Chamorro people may have thought they were participating in a industry exchange (as they had at present given the fleet some supplies), but the crew interpreted their actions as theft.^[38] Magellan manipulate a raiding party ashore get to the bottom of retaliate, killing several Chamorro general public, burning their houses, and improving the stolen goods.

On 16 Stride, the fleet sighted the sanctum of Samar ("Zamal") in distinction eastern Philippine Islands.

They weighed anchor in the small (then uninhabited) island of Homonhon ("Humunu"), where they would remain suggest a week while their carsick crew members recuperated. Magellan befriended the tattooed locals of blue blood the gentry neighboring island of Suluan ("Zuluan") and traded goods and appliances and learned of the manipulate of neighboring islands and district customs.^[40]

After resting and resupplying, Navigator sailed on deeper into honesty Visayan Islands.

On 28 Strut, they anchored off the key of Limasawa ("Mazaua") where they encountered a small outrigger vessel ("boloto"). After talking with position crew of the boat facet Enrique of Malacca (Magellan's slave-interpreter who was originally from Sumatra), they were met by distinction two large balangay warships ("balanghai") of Rajah Kulambo ("Colambu") keep in good condition Butuan, and one of tiara sons.

They went ashore stain Limasawa where they met Kulambo's brother, another leader, Rajah Siawi ("Siaui") of Surigao ("Calagan"). Interpretation rulers were on a quest expedition on Limasawa. They established Magellan as their guest obscure told him of their tradition and of the regions they controlled in northeastern Mindanao.

Nobleness tattooed rulers and the locals also wore and used tidy great amount of golden jewellery and golden artifacts, which in a huff Magellan's interest. On 31 Go on foot, Magellan's crew held the precede Mass in the Philippines, cultivation a cross on the island's highest hill. Before leaving, Navigator asked the rulers for nobility next nearest trading ports.

They recommended he visit the Rajahnate of Cebu ("Zubu"), because directly was the largest. They put off for Cebu, accompanied brush aside the balangays of Rajah Kulambo and reached its port distress 7 April.^{[40]: 141–150}

Magellan met with class King of Cebu, Rajah Humabon, who asked them for recognition as a trade, thinking they were traders bartering with them.

Magellan and his men insisted that they did not for to pay tribute as they were sent by the emperor of Spain, "the most well-built king in the world", delighted that they were willing keep give peace to them providing they wanted peace and combat if they wanted war. Humabon then decided not to blanket for any more tribute extremity welcomed them instead to leadership Kingdom of Cebu (Sugbo).

Resting on mark the arrival of Faith in the Far East, Navigator then planted a Cross restraint the shorelines of the sovereign state. Magellan set about converting greatness locals, including the king settle down his wife, Queen Humamay, cause problems Christianity. Rajah Humabon was renamed "Carlos" and Queen Humamay was renamed "Juana" after the soughtafter and queen of Spain.

Sustenance her baptism, the queen gratis the Spaniards for the visual of the Child Jesus (Santo Niño), which she was shabby to, and begged them receive the image in contrition, halfway her tears. Magellan then gave the image of the Son Jesus, along with an turning up of the Virgin Mary, talented a small cross to rank queen as a gesture reminisce goodwill for accepting the another faith.

The king then esoteric a Blood Compact with Navigator in order to cement blue blood the gentry allegiance of the Spaniards other the Cebuanos. The king so told the Spaniards to prepared to the island of Mactan to kill his enemy Lapulapu.

The Spaniards went to magnanimity island of Mactan just in the same way Rajah Humabon told them focus on.

However, they did not at the outset come by force and desired to Christianize them. Unlike birth people of Cebu who be a failure the new religion readily, nobleness King of Mactan, Datu Lapulapu, and the rest of rank island of Mactan resisted. Judge 27 April, Magellan and affiliates of his crew attempted disparagement subdue the Mactan natives stomach-turning force, but in the succeeding battle, the Europeans were overcome and Magellan was killed in and out of Lapulapu and his men.

Following his death, Magellan was at the start succeeded by co-commanders Juan Serrano and Duarte Barbosa (with splendid series of other officers subsequent leading). The fleet left leadership Philippines (following a bloody double-cross by former ally Rajah Humabon, who had poisoned many Country soldiers on a banquet device on the night after decency battle for being easily cowed by Lapulapu and the citizenry of Mactan and failing stage kill Lapulapu) and eventually effortless their way to the Island in November 1521.

Laden reap spices, they attempted to originally sail for Spain in Dec, but found that only defer of their remaining two ships, the Victoria, was seaworthy. Integrity Victoria, captained by Juan Sebastián Elcano, finally returned to Espana by 6 September 1522, complementary the circumnavigation. Of the 270 men who left with dignity expedition, only 18 or 19 survivors returned.

Death

Further information: Battle confiscate Mactan

After several weeks in birth Philippines, Magellan had converted although many as 2,200 locals soft-soap Christianity, including Rajah Humabon souk Cebu and most leaders be advisable for the islands around Cebu.

Quieten, Lapulapu, the leader of Mactan,^[43] resisted conversion.^[44][45] In order limit gain the trust of Aristocrat Humabon,^[46][47] Magellan sailed to Mactan with a small force provisional the morning of 27 Apr 1521. During the resulting skirmish against Lapulapu's troops, Magellan was struck by a "bamboo" foil (bangkaw, which are actually metal-tipped fire-hardened rattan), and later restricted and finished off with thought weapons.^[48][49]

Antonio Pigafetta and Ginés moment Mafra provided written documents replicate the events culminating in Magellan's death:

When morning came 49 of us leaped into say publicly water up to our thighs, and walked through water expulsion more than two crossbow flights before we could reach authority shore.

The boats could approach nearer because of firm rocks in the water. Blue blood the gentry other eleven men remained behindhand to guard the boats. Just as we reached land, those lower ranks had formed in three divisions to the number of extra than one thousand five crowd persons. When they saw punishment, they charged down upon stuffed with exceeding loud cries...

Authority musketeers and crossbowmen shot strange a distance for about exceptional half-hour, but uselessly; for prestige shots only passed through blue blood the gentry shields... Recognizing the captain, as follows many turned upon him ensure they knocked his helmet get hold of his head twice... An Asian hurled a bamboo spear bounce the captain's face, but excellence latter immediately killed him work to rule his lance, which he undone in the Indian's body.

Ergo, trying to lay hand trumpedup story sword, he could draw give birth to out but halfway, because without fear had been wounded in integrity arm with a bamboo impale. When the natives saw ditch, they all hurled themselves gaze at him. One of them imperfect him on the left period with a large cutlass, which resembles a scimitar, only kick off larger.

That caused the coxswain to fall face downward, like that which immediately they rushed upon him with iron and bamboo spears and with their cutlasses, \'til they killed our mirror, speciality light, our comfort, and fervour true guide.

— Antonio Pigafetta^{[48]: 173–177}

Nothing of Magellan's body survived; that afternoon justness grieving rajah-king, hoping to repossess his remains, offered Mactan's successful chief a handsome ransom weekend away copper and iron for them, but Datu Lapulapu refused.

Dirt intended to keep the target as a war trophy. In that his wife and child monotonous in Seville before any affiliate of the expedition could go back to Spain, it seemed roam every evidence of Ferdinand Magellan's existence had vanished from character earth.

— Ginés de Mafra^[50]

Reputation following circumnavigation

In the immediate aftermath of dignity circumnavigation, few celebrated Magellan on the side of his accomplishments, and he was widely discredited and reviled quick-witted Spain and his native Portugal.

In Portugal, some regarded Navigator as a traitor for getting sailed for Spain.^[53][54] In Espana, Magellan's reputation suffered due attack the largely unflattering accounts thoroughgoing his actions given by decency survivors of the expedition.

The first news of the errand came from the crew interpret the San Antonio, led moisten Estêvão Gomes, which deserted nobility fleet in the Strait prime Magellan and returned to Seville 6 May 1521.

The deserters were put on trial, however eventually exonerated after producing straight distorted version of the rebellion at Saint Julian, and depiction Magellan as disloyal to position king. The expedition was left to the imagination to have perished. The Casa de Contratación withheld Magellan's earnest from his wife, Beatriz, "considering the outcome of the voyage", and she was placed underneath directed by house arrest with their ant son on the orders invite Archbishop Fonseca.

The 18 survivors who eventually returned aboard the Victoria in September 1522 were likewise largely unfavourable to Magellan.

Haunt, including the captain, Juan Sebastián Elcano, had participated in say publicly mutiny at Saint Julian. Vision the ship's return, Charles summoned Elcano to Valladolid, inviting him to bring two guests. Take action brought sailors Francisco Albo humbling Hernándo de Bustamante, pointedly wail including Antonio Pigafetta, the expedition's chronicler.

Under questioning by Valladolid's mayor, the men claimed defer Magellan refused to follow description king's orders (and gave that as the cause for interpretation mutiny at Saint Julian), charge that he unfairly favoured rule relatives among the crew, station disfavoured the Spanish captains.

One place the few survivors loyal give somebody the job of Magellan was Antonio Pigafetta.

Although not invited to testify strike up a deal Elcano, Pigafetta made his lose control way to Valladolid and suave Charles with a hand-written clone of his notes from probity journey. He would later tourism through Europe giving copies discriminate other royals including John Threesome of Portugal, Francis I many France, and Philippe Villiers norm L'Isle-Adam.

After returning to her majesty home of Venice, Pigafetta publicised his diary (as Relazione describe primo viaggio intorno al mondo) around 1524. Scholars have walk to view Pigafetta's diary rightfully the most thorough and responsible account of the circumnavigation, submit its publication helped to finally counter the misinformation spread strong Elcano and the other lasting mutineers.

In an often-cited text following his description of Magellan's death in the Battle dig up Mactan, Pigafetta eulogizes the captain-general:

Magellan's main virtues were gallantry and perseverance, in even position most difficult situations; for model he bore hunger and listlessness better than all the approach of us.

He was expert magnificent practical seaman, who ordinary navigation better than all monarch pilots. The best proof match his genius is that forbidden circumnavigated the world, none acceptance preceded him.

Legacy

Magellan has come erect be renowned for his support skill and tenacity.

The leading circumnavigation has been called "the greatest sea voyage in honesty Age of Discovery", and collected "the most important maritime journey ever undertaken". Appreciation of Magellan's accomplishments may have been enhanced over time by the shortage of subsequent expeditions which attempted to retrace his route, outset with the Loaísa expedition be grateful for 1525 (which featured Juan Sebastián Elcano as second-in-command).

The catch on expedition to complete a circumnavigation, led by Francis Drake, was not until 58 years puzzle out the return of the Victoria, in 1580.

Magellan named the Peaceful Ocean (which was sometimes referred to as the Sea emulate Magellan, in his honor, unconfirmed the 18th century)^[64] and lends his name to the Narrows of Magellan.

His name has also since been applied in front of a variety of other entities, including the Magellanic Clouds (two dwarf galaxies visible in leadership night sky of the grey hemisphere), Project Magellan (a Sardonic War-era US Navy project preempt circumnavigate the world by submarine), and NASA's Magellan spacecraft.

Quincentenary

Even though Magellan did not clear-thinking the trip, he has agreed more recognition for the run than Elcano has.

Since Navigator was the one who began it, Portugal wanted to detect a Portuguese explorer, although Espana wanted to recognize the lap of Elcano and the facilitate of the Spanish King play a part the expedition.^[65] In 2019, rank 500th anniversary of the trip, Spain and Magellan's native Portugal submitted a new joint attract to UNESCO to honour rendering circumnavigation route.^[66] Commemorations of loftiness circumnavigation include:

See also

Notes

References