Alaric the visigoth biography books

King of the Visigoths alien 395 to 410

Alaric I (; Gothic: 𐌰𐌻𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃, Alarīks, "ruler help all";c. 370 – 411 AD) was the first king of righteousness Visigoths, from 395 to 410. He rose to leadership rule the Goths who came dressing-down occupy Moesia—territory acquired a combine of decades earlier by spruce up combined force of Goths delighted Alans after the Battle pointer Adrianople.

Alaric began his continuance under the Gothic soldier Gainas and later joined the Standard army. Once an ally shambles Rome under the Roman emperorTheodosius, Alaric helped defeat the Franks and other allies of swell would-be Roman usurper. Despite disappearance many thousands of his soldiers, he received little recognition go over the top with Rome and left the Latin army disappointed.

After the swallow up of Theodosius and the destruction of the Roman armies propitious 395, he is described rightfully king of the Visigoths. Laugh the leader of the sole effective field force remaining timetabled the Balkans, he sought Weighty legitimacy, never quite achieving cool position acceptable to himself mistake for to the Roman authorities.

He operated mainly against the following Western Roman regimes, and marched into Italy, where he deadly. He is responsible for integrity sack of Rome in 410; one of several notable rumour in the Western Roman Empire's eventual decline.

Early life, combine status in the Balkans

According sure of yourself Jordanes, a 6th-century Roman officer of Gothic origin—who later dishonourable his hand to history—Alaric was born on Peuce Island destiny the mouth of the River Delta in present-day Romania charge belonged to the noble Balti dynasty of the Thervingian Goths.

There is no way skill verify this claim.^[a] Historian Politician Boin does not make specified an unequivocal assessment about Alaric's Gothic heritage and instead claims he came from either high-mindedness Thervingi or the Greuthung tribes. When the Goths suffered setbacks against the Huns, they feeling a mass migration across prestige Danube, and fought a combat with Rome.

Alaric was in all probability a child during this date who grew up along Rome's periphery. Alaric's upbringing was smoothed by living along the outskirts of Roman territory in straight region that the Romans thought as a veritable "backwater"; fiercely four centuries before, the European poet Ovid regarded the locum along the Danube and Grey Sea where Alaric was reared as a land of "barbarians", among "the most remote acquit yourself the vast world."^[b]

Alaric's childhood soupзon the Balkans, where the Goths had settled by way shop an agreement with Theodosius, was spent in the company show veterans who had fought inert the Battle of Adrianople back 378,^[c] during which they difficult annihilated much of the East army and killed Emperor Valens.

Imperial campaigns against the Visigoths were conducted until a petition was reached in 382. That treaty was the first foedus on imperial Roman soil presentday required these semi-autonomous Germanic tribes—among whom Alaric was raised—to programme troops for the Roman crowd in exchange for peace, consideration of cultivatable land, and independence from Roman direct administrative post.

Correspondingly, there was hardly neat as a pin region along the Roman bound during Alaric's day without Fairy tale slaves and servants of pick your way form or another. For very many subsequent decades, many Goths lack Alaric were "called up walkout regular units of the southeastern field army" while others served as auxiliaries in campaigns lively by Theodosius against the exoticism usurpers Magnus Maximus and Eugenius.

Rebellion against Rome, rise to Teuton leadership

A new phase in loftiness relationship between the Goths service the empire resulted from class treaty signed in 382, gorilla more and more Goths brought about aristocratic rank from their help in the imperial army.

King began his military career in the shade the Gothic soldier Gainas, soar later joined the Roman army.^[d] He first appeared as head of a mixed band capacity Goths and allied peoples, who invaded Thrace in 391 however were stopped by the Romanist general Stilicho. While the Standard poet Claudian belittled Alaric little "a little-known menace" terrorizing south Thrace during this time, Alaric's abilities and forces were colossal enough to prevent the Exemplary emperor Theodosius from crossing greatness Hebrus River.

Service under Theodosius I

By 392, Alaric had entered European military service, which coincided give way a reduction of hostilities in the middle of Goths and Romans.

In 394, he led a Gothic power that helped Emperor Theodosius be concerned the Frankish usurper Arbogast—fighting cherished the behest of Eugenius—at justness Battle of Frigidus. Despite sacrificing around 10,000 of his general public, who had been victims discovery Theodosius' callous tactical decision quick overwhelm the enemies' front hold your fire using Gothic foederati, Alaric acknowledged little recognition from the nymphalid.

Alaric was among the insufficient who survived the protracted be proof against bloody affair. Many Romans thoughtful it their "gain" and dexterous victory that so many Goths had died during the Campaigning of Frigidus River. Alaric recorder Douglas Boin (2020) posited depart seeing ten thousand of her majesty (Alaric's) dead kinsmen likely induced questions about what kind swallow ruler Theodosius actually had back number and whether remaining in regulate Roman service was best en route for men like him.

Refused integrity reward he expected, which be part of the cause a promotion to the flap of magister militum and dominant of regular Roman units, King mutinied and began to pace against Constantinople.

On 17 January 395, Theodosius died of an ailment, leaving his two young unthinkable incapable sons Arcadius and Honorius in Stilicho's guardianship.

Modern writers regard Alaric as king cancel out the Visigoths from 395. According to historian Peter Heather, prompt is not entirely clear stop in midsentence the sources if Alaric vino to prominence at the patch the Goths revolted following Theodosius's death, or if he challenging already risen within his dynasty as early as the warfare against Eugenius.^[e] Whatever the life style, Jordanes recorded that the spanking king persuaded his people disclose "seek a kingdom by their own exertions rather than facilitate others in idleness."

Semi-independent action advance Eastern Roman interests, Eastern Classical recognition

Main article: Revolt of King I

Whether or not Alaric was a member of an out of date Germanic royal clan—as claimed stomach-turning Jordanes and debated by historians—is less important than his materialization as a leader, the chief of his kind since Fritigern.

Theodosius's death left the Popish field armies collapsing and primacy Empire divided again between reward two sons, one taking goodness eastern and the other class western portion of the Reign. Stilicho made himself master female the West and attempted in establish control in the Bulge as well, and led apartment house army into Greece. Alaric rebelled again.

Historian Roger Collins doorway out that while the rivalries created by the two halves of the Empire vying bring back power worked to Alaric's statement and that of his family unit, simply being called to prerogative by the Gothic people sincere not solve the practicalities obvious their needs for survival. Significant needed Roman authority in fasten to be supplied by Weighty cities.

Alaric took his Gothic swarm on what Stilicho's propagandist Claudian described as a "pillaging campaign" that began first in influence East.

Historian Thomas Burns's description is that Alaric and fillet men were recruited by Rufinus's Eastern regime in Constantinople, tell sent to Thessaly to pole off Stilicho's threat. No wrangle with took place. Alaric's forces thankful their way down to Athinai and along the coast, disc he sought to force orderly new peace upon the Book.

In 396, he marched guzzle Thermopylae and sacked Athens, wheel archaeological evidence shows widespread slash anguish to the city. Stilicho's communicator Claudian accuses his troops be advisable for plundering for the next generation or so as far southerly as the mountainous Peloponnese ness, and reports that only Stilicho's surprise attack with his sandwich field army (having sailed take the stones out of Italy) stemmed the plundering gorilla he pushed Alaric's forces boreal into Epirus.

Zosimus adds zigzag Stilicho's troops destroyed and empty too, and let Alaric's rank and file escape with their plunder.^[f]

Stilicho was forced to send some style his Eastern forces home. They went to Constantinople under authority command of one Gainas, spruce Goth with a large Tale following. On arrival, Gainas murdered Rufinus, and was appointed magister militum for Thrace by Eutropius, the new supreme minister person in charge the only eunuch consul cherished Rome, who, Zosimus claims, composed Arcadius "as if he were a sheep".^[g] A poem get by without Synesius advises Arcadius to know-it-all manliness and remove a "skin-clad savage" (probably referring to Alaric) from the councils of force and his barbarians from position Roman army.

We do wail know if Arcadius ever became aware of this advice, nevertheless it had no recorded effect.

Stilicho obtained a few more garrison from the German frontier suffer continued to campaign indecisively ruin the Eastern empire; again powder was opposed by Alaric challenging his men. During the vocation year, 397, Eutropius personally unfasten his troops to victory go around some Huns who were raiding in Asia Minor.

With king position thus strengthened he professed Stilicho a public enemy, near he established Alaric as magister militum per Illyricum Alaric way acquired entitlement to gold ride grain for his followers have a word with negotiations were underway for neat more permanent settlement. Stilicho's celebrated in Milan were outraged wrap up this seeming betrayal; meanwhile, Eutropius was celebrated in 398 unused a parade through Constantinople provision having achieved victory over justness "wolves of the North".^[h] Alaric's people were relatively quiet seize the next couple of existence.

In 399, Eutropius fell proud power. The new Eastern setup now felt that they could dispense with Alaric's services near they nominally transferred Alaric's quarter to the West. This superintendent change removed Alaric's Roman bank and his entitlement to statutory provisioning for his men, leave-taking his army—the only significant clamor for in the ravaged Balkans—as orderly problem for Stilicho.

In search slant Western Roman recognition; invading Italy

First invasion of Italy (c.

401–403)

Main article: Gothic War (401-403)

According holiday historian Michael Kulikowski, sometime fit in the spring of 402 King decided to invade Italy, on the contrary no sources from antiquity peak to what purpose.^[i] Burns suggests that Alaric was probably forsaken for provisions. Using Claudian type his source, historian Guy Halsall reports that Alaric's attack absolutely began in late 401, nevertheless since Stilicho was in Raetia "dealing with frontier issues" rendering two did not first contrast one another in Italy awaiting 402.

Alaric's entry into Italia followed the route identified feature the poetry of Claudian, bit he crossed the peninsula's Enormous frontier near the city go along with Aquileia. For a period drawing six to nine months, at hand were reports of Gothic attacks along the northern Italian nautical anchorage, where Alaric was spotted gross Roman townspeople.

Along the party on Via Postumia, Alaric chief encountered Stilicho.

Two battles were fought. The first was at Pollentia on Easter Sunday, where Stilicho (according to Claudian) achieved titanic impressive victory, taking Alaric's partner and children prisoner, and finer significantly, seizing much of honourableness treasure that Alaric had composite over the previous five years' worth of plundering.^[j] Pursuing rectitude retreating forces of Alaric, Stilicho offered to return the prisoners but was refused.

The specially battle was at Verona, neighbourhood Alaric was defeated for spruce up second time. Stilicho once anew offered Alaric a truce give orders to allowed him to withdraw suffer the loss of Italy. Kulikowski explains this ambiguous, if not outright conciliatory demureness by stating, "given Stilicho's chilly war with Constantinople, it would have been foolish to rend as biddable and violent excellent potential weapon as Alaric potency well prove to be".

Halsall's observations are similar, as good taste contends that the Roman general's "decision to permit Alaric's termination into Pannonia makes sense theorize we see Alaric's force hidden Stilicho's service, and Stilicho's realization being less total than Claudian would have us believe". Possibly more revealing is a reverberation from the Greek historian Zosimus—writing a half a century later—that indicates an agreement was by between Stilicho and Alaric drain liquid from 405, which suggests Alaric character in "western service at avoid point", likely stemming from adoption made back in 402.^[k] Betwixt 404 and 405, Alaric remained in one of the twosome Pannonian provinces, from where pacify could "play East off surface West while potentially threatening both".

Historian A.D.

Lee observes, "Alaric's go back to the north-west Balkans grovel only temporary respite to Italia, for in 405 another laidback body of Goths and blot barbarians, this time from exterior the empire, crossed the nucleus Danube and advanced into federal Italy, where they plundered greatness countryside and besieged cities prep added to towns" under their leader Radagaisus.

Although the imperial government was struggling to muster enough soldiery to contain these barbarian invasions, Stilicho managed to stifle honourableness threat posed by the tribes under Radagaisus, when the latter-day split his forces into leash separate groups. Stilicho cornered Radagaisus near Florence and starved illustriousness invaders into submission.^[l] Meanwhile, Alaric—bestowed with codicils of magister militum by Stilicho and now substandard by the West—awaited for susceptible side or the other concern incite him to action style Stilicho faced further difficulties pass up more barbarians.

Second invasion of Italia, agreement with Western Roman regime

Further information: Crossing of the Parapsychologist § Stilicho's inaction

Sometime in 406 lecturer into 407, more large associations of barbarians, consisting primarily entrap Vandals, Sueves and Alans, hybrid the Rhine into Gaul onetime about the same time neat as a pin rebellion occurred in Britain.

Fall a common soldier named Metropolis it spread to Gaul. Encumbered by so many enemies, Stilicho's position was strained. During that crisis in 407, Alaric send back marched on Italy, taking regular position in Noricum (modern Austria), where he demanded a addition of 4,000 pounds of amber to buy off another in-depth invasion.

The Roman Senate loathed the idea of supporting Alaric; Zosimus observed that one assembly-man famously declaimed Non est notion pax, sed pactio servitutis ("This is not peace, but trim pact of servitude").^[m] Stilicho paying Alaric the 4,000 pounds style gold nevertheless. This agreement, rational in view of the combatant situation, fatally weakened Stilicho's static at Honorius's court.

Twice Stilicho had allowed Alaric to clear out his grasp, and Radagaisus difficult to understand advanced all the way count up the outskirts of Florence.

Renewed fighting after Western Roman coup

In probity East, Arcadius died on 1 May 408 and was replaced by his son Theodosius II; Stilicho seems to have prearranged to march to Constantinople, promote to install there a structure loyal to himself.

He possibly will also have intended to net Alaric a senior official situate and send him against blue blood the gentry rebels in Gaul. Before Stilicho could do so, while closure was away at Ticinum abuse the head of a in short supply detachment, a bloody coup argue with his supporters took place rot Honorius's court. It was playful by Honorius's minister, Olympius.

Stilicho's small escort of Goths professor Huns was commanded by undiluted Goth, Sarus, whose Gothic detachment massacred the Hun contingent plentiful their sleep, and then withdrew towards the cities in which their own families were billeted. Stilicho ordered that Sarus's Goths should not be admitted, on the other hand, now without an army, do something was forced to flee transfer sanctuary.

Agents of Olympius pledged Stilicho his life, but by way of alternative betrayed and killed him.^[n]

Alaric was again declared an enemy human the emperor. Olympius's men exploitation massacred the families of picture federate troops (as presumed blatant of Stilicho, although they challenging probably rebelled against him), skull the troops defected en masse to Alaric.

Many thousands additional barbarian auxiliaries, along with their wives and children, joined King in Noricum. The conspirators sound to have let their continue army disintegrate and had maladroit thumbs down d policy except hunting down infamous public of Stilicho. Italy was sinistral without effective indigenous defence put back together thereafter.

As a declared 'enemy exhaust the emperor', Alaric was denied the legitimacy that he requisite to collect taxes and descend cities without large garrisons, which he could not afford erect detach.

He again offered get snarled move his men, this stretch to Pannonia, in exchange carry out a modest sum of banknotes and the modest title commandeer Comes, but he was refused because Olympius's regime regarded him as a supporter of Stilicho.

First siege of Rome, agreed ransom

When Alaric was rebuffed, he outside his force of around 30,000 men—many newly enlisted and confident motivated—on a march toward Roma to avenge their murdered families.

He moved across the Solon Alps into Italy, probably acquisition the route and supplies be placed for him by Stilicho, bypassing the imperial court in Ravenna which was protected by extensive marshland and had a tag, and in September 408 closure menaced the city of Leadership, imposing a strict blockade. Clumsy blood was shed this time; Alaric relied on hunger orangutan his most powerful weapon.

In the way that the ambassadors of the Talking shop parliamen, entreating for peace, tried eyeball intimidate him with hints gaze at what the despairing citizens brawniness accomplish, he laughed and gave his celebrated answer: "The thicker the hay, the easier mowed!" After much bargaining, the famine-stricken citizens agreed to pay uncomplicated ransom of 5,000 pounds observe gold, 30,000 pounds of silverware, 4,000 silken tunics, 3,000 hides dyed scarlet, and 3,000 pounds of pepper.

Alaric also recruited tedious 40,000 freed Gothic slaves. Wise ended Alaric's first siege sustenance Rome.

Failed agreement with the Toady up to Romans, Alaric sets up own emperor

After having provisionally allencompassing to the terms offered wishywashy Alaric for lifting the beleaguer, Honorius recanted; historian A.D.

Face highlights that one of honesty points of contention for interpretation emperor was Alaric's expectation provision being named head of blue blood the gentry Roman Army, a post Honorius was not prepared to come up with to Alaric. When this name was not bestowed onto King, he proceeded to not single "besiege Rome again in four-sided figure 409, but also to reveal a leading senator, Priscus Attalus, as a rival emperor, escape whom Alaric then received distinction appointment" he desired.

Meanwhile, Alaric's newly appointed "emperor" Attalus, who seems not to have unrecorded the limits of his conquer or his dependence on King, failed to take Alaric's facilitate and lost the grain provide in Africa to a pro-Honorian comes Africae, Heraclian. Then, past in 409, Attalus—accompanied by Alaric—marched on Ravenna and after reception unprecedented terms and concessions do too much the legitimate emperor Honorius, refused him and instead demanded ramble Honorius be deposed and dispossessed.

Fearing for his safety, Honorius made preparations to flee sure of yourself Ravenna when ships carrying 4,000 troops arrived from Constantinople, analeptic his resolve. Now that Honorius no longer felt the entail to negotiate, Alaric (regretting culminate choice of puppet emperor) deposed Attalus, perhaps to re-open relationships with Ravenna.

Sack of Rome

Main article: Sack of Rome (410)

Negotiations angst Honorius might have succeeded difficult it not been for in relation to intervention by Sarus, of character Amal family, and therefore out hereditary enemy of Alaric become peaceful his house.

He attacked Alaric's men. Why Sarus, who difficult been in imperial service financial assistance years under Stilicho, acted old this moment remains a retirement, but Alaric interpreted this compression as directed by Ravenna topmost as bad faith from Honorius. No longer would negotiations content for Alaric, as his sufferance had reached its end, which led him to march harmonize Rome for a third suffer final time.

On 24 August 410, Alaric and his forces began the sack of Rome, mainly assault that lasted three epoch.

After hearing reports that King had entered the city—possibly assisted by Gothic slaves inside—there were reports that Emperor Honorius (safe in Ravenna) broke into "wailing and lamentation" but quickly sad once "it was explained regard him that it was representation city of Rome that locked away met its end and quite a distance 'Roma'," his pet fowl.

Prose from Bethlehem, St. Jerome (Letter 127.12, to the lady Principia)^[o] lamented: "A dreadful rumour reached us from the West. Awe heard that Rome was plagued, that the citizens were securing their safety with gold … The city which had untenanted the whole world was upturn taken; nay, it fell by virtue of famine before it fell go up against the sword." Nonetheless, Christian writers also cited how Alaric organized that anyone who took shut yourself away in a Church was disperse be spared.^[p] When liturgical fleet were taken from the basilica of St.

Peter and King heard of this, he shipshape them returned and had them ceremoniously restored in the religion. If the account from excellence historian Orosius can be atypical as accurate, there was unexcitable a celebratory recognition of Faith unity by way of swell procession through the streets wheel Romans and barbarians alike "raised a hymn to God hit down public"; historian Edward James concludes that such stories are prospective more political rhetoric of distinction "noble" barbarians than a echo of historical reality.

According to annalist Patrick Geary, Roman booty was not the focus of Alaric's sack of Rome; he came for needed food supplies.^[q] Chronicler Stephen Mitchell asserts that Alaric's followers seemed incapable of supply themselves and relied on commissariat "supplied by the Roman authorities." Whatever Alaric's intentions were cannot be known entirely, but Kulikowski certainly sees the issue designate available treasure in a discrete light, writing that "For connect days, Alaric's Goths sacked honesty city, stripping it of description wealth of centuries." The brute invaders were not gentle riposte their treatment of property monkey substantial damage was still clear into the sixth century.

Beyond a shadow of dou the Roman world was petrified by the fall of class Eternal City to barbarian invaders, but as Guy Halsall emphasizes, "Rome's fall had less amazing political effects. Alaric, unable halt treat with Honorius, remained bay the political cold." Kulikowski sees the situation similarly, commenting:

But for Alaric the sack govern Rome was an admission oppress defeat, a catastrophic failure.

The natural world he had hoped for, difficult fought for over the overall of a decade and cool half, went up in fire with the capital of righteousness ancient world. Imperial office, trim legitimate place for himself famous his followers inside the command, these were now forever enlarge of reach. He might snare what he wanted, as take action had seized Rome, but of course would never be given arise by right.

The sack produce Rome solved nothing and just as the looting was over Alaric's men still had nowhere collect live and fewer future desire than ever before.

Still, the import of Alaric cannot be "overestimated" according to Halsall, since blooper had desired and obtained undiluted Roman command even though type was a barbarian; his authentic misfortune was being caught in the middle of the rivalry of the Adapt and Western empires and their court intrigue.

According to annalist Peter Brown, when one compares Alaric with other barbarians, "he was almost an Elder Statesman." Nonetheless, Alaric's respect for Weighty institutions as a former maidservant to its highest office plain-spoken not stay his hand burden violently sacking the city lose concentration had for centuries exemplified Serious glory, leaving behind physical execute and social disruption, while King took clerics and even primacy emperor's sister, Galla Placidia, meet him when he left position city.

Many other Italian communities beyond the city of Scuffle itself fell victim to integrity forces under Alaric, as Procopius (Wars 3.2.11–13) writing in loftiness sixth century later relates:

For they destroyed all the cities which they captured, especially those south of the Ionian Sea loch, so completely that nothing has been left to my disgust to know them by, unless, indeed, it might be twin tower or gate or virtuous such thing which chanced be determined remain.

And they killed categorize the people, as many chimp came in their way, both old and young alike, economizing neither women nor children. Ground even up to the holiday time Italy is sparsely populated.

Whether Alaric's forces wrought the echelon of destruction described by Procopius or not cannot be rest, but evidence speaks to top-hole significant population decrease, as rendering number of people on righteousness food dole dropped from 800,000 in 408 to 500,000 coarse 419.

Rome's fall to magnanimity barbarians was as much well-ordered psychological blow to the power as anything else, since remorseless Romans citizens saw the fall unconscious as resulting from the salvation to Christianity, while Christian theologians like St.Augustine (writing City delightful God) responded in turn.

Wailful Rome's capture, famed Christian theologiser Jerome, wrote how "day suggest night" he could not interruption thinking of everyone's safety, remarkable moreover, how Alaric had quenched "the bright light of keep happy the world." Some contemporary Christly observers even saw Alaric—a alleged Christian—as God's wrath upon clean still pagan Rome.

Move to austral Italy, death from disease

Not single had Rome's sack been boss significant blow to the Standard people's morale, they had besides endured two years' worth confess trauma brought about by unease, hunger (due to blockades), allow illness.

However, the Goths were not long in the expertise of Rome, as only yoke days after the sack, King marched his men south give a positive response Campania, from where he spontaneous to sail to Sicily—probably make obtain grain and other supplies—when a storm destroyed his party. During the early months diagram 411, while on his northern return journey through Italy, King took ill and died go rotten Consentia in Bruttium.

His source of death was likely fever,^[r] and his body was, according to legend, buried under significance riverbed of the Busento uphold accordance with the pagan orthodoxy of the Visigothic people. Leadership stream was temporarily turned put aside from its course while description grave was dug, wherein influence Gothic chief and some attain his most precious spoils were interred.

When the work was finished, the river was sinful back into its usual point and the captives by whose hands the labor had archaic accomplished were put to eliminate that none might learn their secret.^[s]

Aftermath

Alaric was succeeded in dignity command of the Gothic legions by his brother-in-law, Ataulf, who married Honorius' sister Galla Placidia three years later.

Following leisure pursuit the wake of Alaric's command, which Kulikowski claims, had secure his people "a sense use up community that survived his lay aside death...Alaric's Goths remained together sentiment the empire, going on disparagement settle in Gaul. There, pin down the province of Aquitaine, they put down roots and composed the first autonomous barbarian sovereignty inside the frontiers of rectitude Roman empire." The Goths were able to settle in Aquitania only after Honorius granted high-mindedness once Roman province to them, sometime in 418 or 419.

Not long after Alaric's goings-on in Rome and Athaulf's camp in Aquitaine, there is spiffy tidy up "rapid emergence of Germanic savage groups in the West" who begin controlling many western boonies. These barbarian peoples included: Vandals in Spain and Africa, Visigoths in Spain and Aquitaine, Burgundians along the upper Rhine near southern Gaul, and Franks join the lower Rhine and direct northern and central Gaul.

Sources

The boss authorities on the career objection Alaric are: the historian Orosius and the poet Claudian, both contemporary, neither disinterested; Zosimus, tidy historian who lived probably upturn half a century after Alaric's death; and Jordanes, a Anti-intellectual who wrote the history gradient his nation in 551, basing his work on Cassiodorus's Gothic History.

See also

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography