Program pemerintahan bj habibie biography

President of Indonesia bring forth 1998 to 1999

"Habibie" redirects thither. For the surname, see Habibie (surname).

Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie (Indonesian:[baxaˈrudːinˈjusufhaˈbibi]^ⓘ; 25 June 1936 – 11 Sep 2019) was an Indonesian legislator, engineer and scientist who served as the third president invoke Indonesia from 1998 to 1999.

Less than three months associate his inauguration as the ordinal vice president in March 1998, he succeeded Suharto, who calm after 32 years in business, thereby being the only evil president to assume the apparatus in such a manner. Originating from Sulawesi with Bugis-Gorontalese presentday Javanese ancestry,^[2][3][4] his presidency was seen as a landmark deed transition to the Reform best.

Upon becoming president, he liberalized Indonesia's press and political celebration laws; ended Indonesian occupation make merry East Timor, which led stick at that country's independence; and booked an early democratic election pair years sooner than scheduled, which resulted in the end wink his presidency.

His 517-day position and 71-day vice presidency were each the shortest in State history. Before entering government, Habibie contributed to the making medium Indonesia's first domestic airplane, nobleness IPTN N-250. As a elucidation, he was granted the label "Father of Technology."^[5]

Early life abstruse family

Habibie was born in Parepare, South Sulawesi.

His parents, Alwi Abdul Jalil Habibie,^[6][7] an granger from ethnic Bugis-Gorontalese descent,^{[3][4][6][8][9][10]} outsider Gorontalo, and R. A. Tuti Marini Puspowardojo,^[11] a Javanesenoblewoman detach from Yogyakarta,^[12] who met while offhand in Bogor.^[13]

Habibie's paternal family be handys from Kabila, just to influence east of the town look up to Gorontalo in northern Sulawesi.

Perform was the fourth of make a difference children.^[14] Habibie's father died in the way that he was 14 years old.^[14]

In 2018, the Gorontalo provincial management agreed to support the decoding of the B. J. Habibie's Monument in front of magnanimity main gate of Djalaluddin Drome in Gorontalo Regency.^[15][16] In counting, it was proposed that Renovate University of Gorontalo be renamed in honour of Habibie even supposing in the end, the tinge was not adopted.^[17][18]

Education

Habibie went dare Delft, the Netherlands, to scan aviation and aerospace at glory Technische Hogeschool Delft (Delft Lincoln of Technology), but for civil reasons (the West New Poultry dispute between the Netherlands at an earlier time Indonesia), he had to go on his study at the Technische Hochschule Aachen (RWTH Aachen University) in Aachen, Germany.^[19] In 1960, Habibie received an engineer's condition in Germany with the baptize Diplom-Ingenieur.

He remained in Frg as a research assistant go under the surface Hans Ebner at the Lehrstuhl und Institut für Leichtbau, RWTH Aachen to conduct research mend his doctoral degree.^[20]

Engineering career

In 1962, Habibie returned to Indonesia aim for three months on sick call off.

During this time, he was reacquainted with Hasri Ainun, say publicly daughter of R. Mohamad Besari. Habibie had known Hasri Ainun in childhood, junior high kindergarten and in senior high educational institution at SMA Kristen Dago (Dago Christian Senior High School), Metropolis. The two married on 12 May 1962, returning to Frg shortly afterwards.^[21] Habibie and culminate wife settled in Aachen be thinking of a short period before step on it to Oberforstbach.

In May 1963 they had a son, Ilham Akbar Habibie.

Habibie later found swap with the railway stock solution Waggonfabrik Talbot, where he became an advisor in designing domesticate wagons. Due to his have an effect with Makosh, the head constantly train construction offered his tilt to Habibie upon retirement several years later, but Habibie refused the position.^[24]

In 1965, Habibie self-ruling his dissertation in aerospace plot and received the grade be more or less "very good," giving him influence title Doktoringenieur (Dr.-Ing.).

The very alike year, he accepted Hans Ebner's offer to continue his delving on Thermoelastisitas and work be concerned with his habilitation, but he declined the offer to join RWTH as a professor. His hitch about light construction for ultrasonic or hypersonic states also interested offers of employment from companies such as Boeing and Airbus, which Habibie again declined.^[25]

Habibie sincere accept a position with Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm in Hamburg.

There, he experienced theories on thermodynamics, construction, captivated aerodynamics known as the Habibie Factor (thermodynamics), Habibie Theorem (construction), and Habibie Method (aerodynamics), each to each. He worked for Messerschmitt reduce the development of the Airbus A-300B aircraft. In 1974, subside was promoted to vice presidentship of the company.^[26]

In 1974, Solon recruited Habibie to return constitute Indonesia as part of sovereign drive to industrialize and wax the country.

Habibie initially served as a special assistant message Ibnu Sutowo, chief executive officeholder of the state oil gathering Pertamina and Chair of Company for the Assessment and Tender of Technology (Indonesian: Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi, BPPT). Match up years later, Habibie was finished CEO of the new state-owned enterprise Industri Pesawat Terbang Nurtanio (IPTN; Nurtanio Aircraft Industry),^[26] which in 1985 changed its nickname to Industri Pesawat Terbang Nusantara (Nusantara Aircraft Industry; also skimpy as IPTN) and is darken as Indonesian Aerospace (PT.

Dirgantara Indonesia) since 2000.

Political career

Cabinet minister (1978–1998)

In 1978, he was appointed as state minister cut into research and technology (Indonesian: Menteri Negara Riset dan Teknologi, Menristek). He continued to play characteristic important role in IPTN attention "strategic" industries in this post.^[26] By the 1980s, IPTN abstruse grown considerably, specializing in interpretation manufacture of helicopters and stumpy passenger planes.

Under Habibie's directorship, IPTN became a manufacturer flawless aircraft including Puma helicopters existing CASA planes. It pioneered topping small passenger airplane, the N-250 Gatotkaca, in 1995, but rank project was a commercial failure.^[27] In developing Indonesia's aviation diligence, he adopted an approach known as "Begin at the End significant End at the Beginning".^[28] Rerouteing this method, elements such in the same way basic research became the burgle things upon which to precisely, whilst actual manufacturing of honourableness planes was placed as depiction first objective.

By 1991, Habibie oversaw ten state-owned industries with ship- and train building, put together, arms, communications, and energy.^[26] Regular 1993 estimate determined that dignity estimates used nearly $2 billion unadulterated year in state funding, granted the government's opaque accounting unwritten law\' meant that the size invoke the industries was not totally known.^[29]

As minister, Habibie created honourableness OFP (Overseas Fellowship Program), STMDP (Science Technology and Manpower Condition Program) and STAID (Science nearby Technology for Industrial Development).

These three programs provided scholarships put your name down thousands of high school graduates to earn their bachelor's graduated system in the STEM fields add-on for other technical professionals think a lot of continue their study for master's and doctorate programs in rectitude United States, Europe, Japan, crucial other countries.^[30]

In Suharto's regime, kind was expected of senior administration executives, Habibie became a contributor of the Golkar organisation.

Statesman appointed him as deputy quotidian coordinator for the chairman weekend away the executive board in 1992, and the following year stylishness became the daily coordinator.

While portion in cabinet, Habibie was likewise elected as the first Easy chair of the Indonesian Association grapple Muslim Intellectuals (ICMI) in 1990.

This modernist Muslim organization incomplete him with a political mannequin, linked to but independent fanatic the Suharto administration.^[32]

In January 1998, after accepting nomination for dialect trig seventh term as president, Solon announced the selection criteria cooperation the nomination of a degeneracy president.

Suharto did not speak Habibie by name, but queen suggestion that the next promote president should have a ascendency of science and technology thankful it obvious he had Habibie in mind.^[33]

In that year, be sure about the midst of the Eastern Financial Crisis, this suggestion was received badly, causing the rupiah to fall.

Despite this, Habibie was elected as vice captain in March 1998.^[34]

See also: Post-Suharto era § Presidency of Habibie (1998–1999)

On 21 May 1998, just glimmer months into Habibie's vice tiller, Suharto announced his resignation. Habibie, as the Constitution says, succeeded him as president.

The consequent day, Habibie announced the Happening Reform Cabinet, which removed time-consuming of the most controversial ministers in Suharto's last cabinet for ages c in depth maintaining others, with no higher ranking figures from the opposition. At bottom days of his appointment, elegance asked his relatives to quit from government positions, promised want early election, repealed some lawmaking, and ordered the release carryon political prisoners.^[35]

East Timor referendum

Habibie was opposed to East Timorese liberty but did offer East Island special autonomy.^[36]

Timorese independence forces moneyed by the National Council locate Timorese Resistance had been employment for a referendum in description territory for some time.

Hang over chief diplomat, José Ramos-Horta, inconsiderable a transitional period of independency leading up to a referendum.^[37] In late 1998, John Histrion, the Prime Minister of Country, sent a letter to Habibie suggesting that Indonesia defuse honourableness East Timorese issue by furnishing autonomy to be followed vulgar the promise of a opt in the long run, people the method used by Author to settle New Caledonian pressing for independence.

Wishing to deflect the impression that Indonesia ruled East Timor as a region, Habibie surprised some by heralding that a referendum, offering adroit choice between special autonomy wallet independence, would be held instantly in East Timor. Leaders abide by the Indonesian armed forces (ABRI) were not consulted on that decision.^[38]

On 30 August 1999, character referendum was held and distinction East Timorese people overwhelmingly chose independence.

Subsequently, pro-Indonesian militias deal with and displaced large numbers disturb people during the 1999 Easterly Timorese crisis.^[39] On 10 Sep, General Wiranto allegedly threatened add up to stage a military coup on the assumption that Habibie allowed in peacekeeping revive, causing Habibie to back down.^[40] On 12 September, however, Habibie accepted a UN-mandated peacekeeping energy to halt violence.^[38] A time of UN administration followed charge East Timor became independent be bounded by May 2002.

Suharto's corruption charge

The MPR Special Session in Nov 1998 decried the presence model corruption in Indonesia, focusing exclusively on Suharto.^[41] In response process this, Habibie then appointed Andi Muhammad Ghalib as Attorney General.^[34] A tape of a ring conversation between Habibie and Ghalib was made public.

It concave concerns about the veracity have available the investigation by suggesting roam the interrogation of Suharto was intended only for public appearances.^[42]

Under Habibie, the Indonesian government further began investigating and prosecuting Suharto's youngest son, Hutomo Mandala Putra (commonly known as Tommy Suharto).

Ghalib charged Tommy in Dec 1998 in conjunction with probity Goro scandal, where the control, under pressure from Tommy, hypothetically gave him a desirable piece and below-market loan for picture construction of a Goro However, Tommy was found scrupulous in the case after a sprinkling key witnesses, including Habibie coadjutor Rahardi Ramelan, changed their evidence and declared that the allot did not cause losses rear the state.^[43]

Economy and the Sinitic Indonesians

Habibie's government stabilized the retrenchment in the face of magnanimity Asian financial crisis and goodness chaos of the last insufficient months of Suharto's presidency.^[44] Habibie's government began to make amicable gestures towards Chinese-Indonesians who, owing to of their elite status, were targeted in the riots detect 1998.

In September 1998, Habibie issued a 'Presidential Instruction' minatory use of the terms pribumi and non-pribumi to differentiate native and non-indigenous Indonesians.^[45]

In May 1999, Habibie directed that an Entrust card was sufficient proof castigate Indonesian citizenship, revoking the past requirement for a 'Letter endorse Evidence of Republic of Land Citizenship' (SBKRI).

Additionally, he wax restrictions on the teaching conjure Mandarin Chinese.^[46]

Political reform

Under Habibie, State made significant changes to dismay political system that expanded chase and freedom of speech. Before long after taking office, in June 1998, Habibie's government lifted influence Suharto-era restriction on political parties and ended censorship by dispersal the Information Ministry.

He along with quickly committed to holding egalitarian elections, albeit on an at the start vague timetable. In December, grace proposed political reform laws wind were passed by the congress and MPR. These laws intrusion elections for December 1999, abridged the number of seats deliver parliament held by the heroic, and barred political activity vulgar civil servants.^[47]

However, political opponents criticized Habibie for allowing the expeditionary to retain some seats listed parliament, and taking little context on other military and judicatory reforms.^[48]

Habibie's government also passed book which granted significant autonomy line of attack regional governments, namely at rendering regency and city level.

Character laws resulted in indirect elections for mayors and regents, existing allowed local legislatures to firm said executives accountable, though set great store by was not implemented until later his presidency.

Although he had back number viewed as leading a medial government, Habibie seemed determined blow up continue as president.

He was initially unclear about whether prohibited would seek a full draft as president when he declared parliamentary elections in June 1998.^[47] Habibie faced opposition from innumerable within the government party, Golkar; in July 1998, he struggled to win control of Golkar by appointing Akbar Tandjung introduce chair of the party, nevertheless was ultimately able to blow out of the water a rival camp including trace vice presidentTry Sutrisno, defense track Edi Sudradjat, Siswono Yudo Husodo, and Sarwono Kusumaatmadja.^[50] Habibie began to lose support from Akbar Tandjung and a faction hold Golkar, composed of both reformers and hardliners, that wanted withstand oust him.

In March 1999, Golkar put forth five statesmanlike nominees: Habibie, Tandjung, Wiranto, Hamengkubuwono X, and Ginandjar Kartasasmita.^[51] Fuse May 1999, after extensive lobbying, Golkar announced that Habibie would be their presidential candidate, nevertheless a large faction in prestige party remained loyal to Tandjung and opposed to Habibie.^[52] Government political credibility was tarnished outdo the exposure of the 1999 Bank Bali scandal, in which banking funds were funneled succumb to members of Habibie's re-election team.^[53]

At the 1999 MPR General Hall in October, Habibie delivered par accountability speech.

MPR members misuse began voting to decide take as read they would accept or disregard his speech. Habibie attempted delay win the support of prestige military by offering the hidden microphone presidency to General Wiranto, nevertheless his offer was declined.^[54] Tandjung's Golkar faction broke ranks trip voted against him, so crown accountability speech was rejected by way of 355 votes to 322 streak Habibie withdrew his nomination makeover president.^[55] He was succeeded because of Abdurrahman Wahid.

After relinquishing prestige presidency, Habibie spent more firmly in Germany than in Country, though he was active via Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's presidency in the same way a presidential adviser. During that time, he established the Habibie Centre, an independent think tank.^[56]

In September 2006, he released grand book called Detik-Detik Yang Menentukan: Jalan Panjang Indonesia Menuju Demokrasi (Decisive Moments: Indonesia's Long Over Towards Democracy).

The softcover recalled the events of Hawthorn 1998, which led to rise to the presidency. Stop in full flow the book, he controversially criminal Lieutenant GeneralPrabowo Subianto, Suharto's son-in-law (at that time) and rank Kostrad Commander, of planning keen coup d'état against him eliminate May 1998.^[57]

Illness and death

In initially September 2019, he was common to Gatot Soebroto Army Safety, where he was undergoing treatments for heart problems,^[58][59] namely cardiomyopathy,^[60] and died on 11 Sept 2019.^{[61][62][63][64][65]} He became the good cheer president of Indonesia to acceptably buried at the Kalibata Heroes' Cemetery, next to his wife's grave.^[66]

In response to his complete, the Government of Indonesia proclaimed a three-day national mourning turn starting on 12 September, captain announced that the Indonesian standard is to be flown gift wrap half-staff during the period.^[67]

Malaysian ground-breaking ministerMahathir Mohamad was saddened make wet the loss of his decrepit friend, Habibie.^[68] He described coronet demise as a considerable loss.^[69]

On 12 September 2019, a tape was released showing East Timor's former president, Xanana Gusmão, curse Habibie in hospital on 22 July 2019.

Gusmão is shown talking briefly to Habibie for ages c in depth crying, then kissing Habibie hinder the forehead and lowering potentate face to Habibie's chest, observe the other holding his purpose. A wreath in Gusmão's fame was at the funeral, inactive a sign reading: "Profound Condolences - With heartfelt sympathy aim the loss of Big Kinsman President B.J.

Habibie - Asiatic people will remember you for good and all - Rest in Peace - Xanana Gusmão."^[70]

Personal life

Habibie was united to Hasri Ainun Besari, keen medical doctor, from 12 Could 1962 until her death critique 22 May 2010. Their uniting was held according to Indonesian and Gorontalese culture.^[71] The span had two sons, Ilham Akbar Habibie and Thareq Kemal Habibie.

B. J. Habibie's brother, Junus Effendi Habibie, was Indonesian legate to the United Kingdom at an earlier time the Netherlands.^[72][73] After his wife's death, Habibie published a restricted area titled Habibie & Ainun which recounts his relationship with Hasri Ainun from their courtship unsettled her death.

The book was adapted into a film disregard the same name which was released on 20 December 2012.^[74]

Honours

Habibie received several honorary degrees get something done his contributions in the comic of technology and science, e.g. he was awarded an voluntary DSc degree from the Cranfield Institute of Technology (United Kingdom) and Dr.

(H.C.) degrees chomp through Chungbuk National University and Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (South Korea) for his services figure up aircraft technology.^[75] In 2010, Habibie was honored with an Discretional PhD degree in Technology close to the University of Indonesia cause his contribution to science tabled practice as a technocrat.^[76]

Habibie was appointed a Fellow of representation Royal Academy of Engineering (FREng) in 1990.^[77] In 1993, elegance was awarded an Honorary Individual of the Royal Aeronautical Refrain singers (HonFRAeS).^[78] He was also christian name an honorary member of very many professional bodies, including:

National honours

As vice president, and later conductor of Indonesia, he was necessarily bestowed the highest class grounding all civilian and military Reception Decorations from Indonesia, namely:^[79][80]

• Star corporeal the Republic of Indonesia, Ordinal Class (Indonesian: Bintang Republik State Adipurna) (27 May 1998)^[81]
• Practice of the Republic of Country, 2nd Class (Indonesian: Bintang Republik Indonesia Adipradana) (12 March 1998)^[82]
• Star of Mahaputera, 1st Collection (Indonesian: Bintang Mahaputera Adipurna) (12 March 1998)^[82]
• Star of Mahaputera, 2nd Class (Indonesian: Bintang Mahaputera Adipradana) (17 August 1982)^[82]
• Reception of Merit, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Jasa Utama) (27 Hawthorn 1998)
• Star of Culture Parama Dharma (Indonesian: Bintang Budaya Parama Dharma) (27 May 1998)^[82][83]
• Practice of Yudha Dharma, 1st Collection (Indonesian: Bintang Yudha Dharma Utama) (27 May 1998)
• Star catch Kartika Eka Paksi, 1st Party (Indonesian: Bintang Kartika Eka Paksi Utama) (27 May 1998)
• Tolerance of Jalasena, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Jalasena Utama) (27 Can 1998)
• Star of Swa Bhuwana Paksa, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Swa Bhuwana Paksa Utama) (27 May 1998)
• Star of Bhayangkara, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Bhayangkara Utama) (27 May 1998)
• Personnel Instructor Service Medal (Indonesian: Satyalancana Dwidya Sistha) (9 August 1982)

Foreign honours

In addition, he also established several foreign decorations:
 Austria:

 Belgium:

 Brazil:

 Chile:

 France:

 Germany:

 Italy:

 Japan:

 Jordan:

 Netherlands:

 Spain:

 Taiwan

Places beginning statue

There is several places, dreadfully in Sulawesi where he came from, that bear his fame.

In Parepare, a monument labelled Monumen Cinta Sejati Habibie Ainun (Habibie Ainun True Love Monument) featuring statue of him view Ainun was dedicated by person at his 53rd wedding festival in 2015.^[88] Gelora Mandiri Arena in the city was renamed into Gelora B.J. Habibie Platform in 2019, shortly after rulership death.^[89] His former house inspect Parepare is converted into simple presidential museum that opened encompass 2020.^[90] In 2022, the newborn B.J.

Habibie Floating Mosque breach Parepare was opened to grandeur public.^[91]

In Gorontalo Regency, there assignment a monument of Habibie positioned nearby Jalaluddin Airport built vulgar Gorontalo provincial government.^[92]

In memory care Habibie, the government of Timor-Leste named a bridge in grandeur city of Dili B.

Detail. Habibie Bridge shortly after Habibie died.^[63]

In popular culture

Habibie has back number portrayed in several biopic pictures based on both his civic and personal life. In nobleness first installment of Habibie & Ainun (2012) and its prequels, Rudy Habibie (2016) and Habibie & Ainun 3 [id] (2019), Habibie was portrayed by Reza Rahadian, while Bima Azriel and Bastian Bintang Simbolon portrayed Habibie^[93] before his childhood, and teenage adulthood in Rudy Habibie respectively.

Imprison the movie Di Balik 98, Habibie was portrayed by Agus Kuncoro.

References