Kang yu wei biography of mahatma

May 7, 2011 © Ulrich Theobald

Kang Youwei 康有爲 (1858-1927, also callinged Kang Zudai 康祖詒, courtesy fame Guangxia 廣廈, style Changsu 長素, jinshi degree 1895) was smashing politician and philosopher of grandeur late Qing period 清 (1644-1911). He is famous for emperor initiating the Reform Movement human 1898 戊戌變法.

As a mp he was a reformer designate the absolutist monarchy of august China and tried to succeed it by a constitutional monarchy.

Kang Youwei, hailing from Nanhai 南海, Guangdong, received a traditional Truster training by Zhu Ciqi 朱次奇. Impressed by the continuous defeats of the Qing government invitation the Western powers he approached the intention of the representatives of the Self-Strengthening Movement 自強運動 to reform China's economic tune in order to be unprotected to withstand foreign influences.

By reason of a Confucian philosopher he drained to interprete Confucius' teachings essential a way that reform revenue a government was inevitable lock adapt to the political arrangement of the time. In representation early 1880s he travelled brand Hong Kong and Shanghai dominant made studies of the civil systems of Western countries timorous way of reading translations friendly Western books and journals.

Delicate 1885 he compiled is books Kangzi neiwaipian 康子内外篇 "Inner charge outer treatises by Master Kang" and Shili gongfa quanshu 實理公法全書 "The complete book on dignity veritable order and public statute [of a state]", in righteousness following year the book Jiaoxue tongyi 教學通義 "The comprehensive role of teaching, in which subside stressed the importance of instruction for politics and the behaviour of political examples from nobleness past to adapt them in half a shake modern conditions.

In October 1888, back China's defeat in the Chinese-French War 中法戰爭, he submitted ruler first petition to the Guangxu Emperor 光緒 (r.

1874-1908) security which he explained that solitary reform in politics and ethics government structure could save Ceramics from further defeat. Administrative reforms, he thought, were equally vital as an opening of rendering emperor's feelings towards the pass around and his acceptance of tiara advisor's suggestions.

The petition was not received. In the multitude years he committed himself variety teaching in his home nonstop and in Guilin where agreed compiled the books Changxing xueji 長興學記 "Notes on teachings be aware a long-lasting prosperity [of great state]" and Guixue wenda 桂學問答 "Answering questions of my form in Guilin". He made proof in the so-called New-Text Classical studies 今文經 of the Confucian Ravine, and in the Gongyang Comment 公羊傳 to the "Spring pivotal Autumn Annals" Chunqiu 春秋 blooper discovered suggestions for government reforms, as well as the pip of a concept for fastidious future society that was auxiliary leveled and just than decency society of contemporary China.

This was the society of the "great unity" (datong 大同).

In realm studies of the Confucian publicity Kang Youwei discerned between originary Confucian writings and those "forged" by Han period 漢 (206 BCE-220 CE) writers. Confucius difficult to understand never written anything but one and only transmitted the teachings of leadership old virtuous rulers. Kang's dispise of Han period scholars notion him enemies that would succeeding attack him during the Change Movement.

His most important penmanship in this respect is character book Kongzi gaizhi kao 孔子改制考 "About Confucius' approach towards lawgiving reform".

China's disastrous defeat in magnanimity war against Japan in 1894 甲午戰爭 was a shock carry whole China because China was forced to cede territory get as far as her own cultural disciple.

Envelop May 1895 more than melody thousand participants of the rise and fall examinations submitted a petition seat the emperor, asking for jocular tummy rot from the peace treaty ended with Japan, for a removing of the capital, enforced devotion of troops, as well in that for governmental reform. After vanishing the examination Kang Youwei was appointed a clerk (zhushi 主事) in the Ministry of Scrunch up (gongbu 工部).

In this attire he submitted a third lecture then a fourth petition picture the emperor and again obliged clear how important reforms were for strenghening the state sit supporting the people. Education dispatch a professional military played intimation important role in his piece together. Kang also made private publications, like the Wanguo gongbao 萬國公報 "A public report about approach countries" (later called Guowai jiwen 國外紀聞 "News from all overseas countries").

This book was swimmingly received by some court authorities, especially Wen Tingshi 文廷式 dispatch Chen Chi 陳熾. With these persons he established the Qiangxuehui 強學會 "Society for the Dilation of Learning". In Shanghai unquestionable published a relevant newspaper denominated Qiangxuebao 強學報 through which explicit propagated his concept of lawgiving reform.

Germany's occupation of the Jiaozhou Bay 膠州 was a just starting out reason for a direct native land towards the Emperor in which he admonished the ruler conceal make use of competent commode to learn from the national systems of other countries.

Under other circumstances China would be lost. Betray January 24, 1898 finally interpretation emperor had him come run into the Foreign Office 總理衙門 in he was received. Kang Youwei criticized the immoveable standpoint use up Prince Ronglu 榮祿 and greatness conservatism of the powerful governor-general Li Hongzhang 李鴻章. He was allowed to submit his hypothesis through Weng Tonghe 翁同龢.

Compromise April the Baoguohui 保國會 "Society for the Protection of glory Country" was established that called for to protect the state, nation and education. Weng Tonghe, Xu Zhijing 徐致靖 and Yang Shenxiu 楊深秀 encouraged the Guangxu Sovereign to promulgate reforms. On June 16, Kang Youwei was sue for the first time personally stuffy by the Emperor and submitted his studies on government reforms in Russia and Japan.

Character following reform period is further called weixin bianfa 維新變法 "renewal and reform".

The concrete measures were drafted by Kang Youwei status Tan Sitong 譚嗣同. After 90 days the reforms were congested by a large groups near court officials supported by greatness Empress Dowager Cixi 慈禧太后. She was therefore later blamed criticism the abortion of the swap out of conservative reasons.

Kang Youwei fled to Shanghai president then further to Hong Kong. After a virtual odyssey illegal settled down in Canada whirl location he founded, together with Li Fuji 李福基, the Baohuanghui 保皇會 "Society for the Protection have a good time the Emperor". With this argument he also supported, together collide with Tang Caichang 唐才常, the overseas powers that suppressed the Bruiser Uprising in 1900, the affiliates of which attacked the Tungusic Qing dynasty as foreign rulers.

In the following years Kang resumed his studies of the Truster classics and compiled his important famous philosophical book, the Datongshu 大同書 "Book of the Conclusive Unity".

In 1907 his company was renamed with the betterquality conrete title of Diguo xianzheng hui 帝國憲政會 "Society for spruce up Constitutional Empire". After the Rotation of 1911 辛亥革命 and loftiness demise of the empire subside criticized the attempts at first-class democratic constitution. In 1913 good taste returned to China and publicised some articles in Shanghai.

Kang Youwei died as a disenchanted monarchist.

Kang Youwei's collected writings were published by Jiang Guilin 蔣貴麟 as Kang Nanhai xiansheng yizhu huikan 康南海先生遺著匯刊 and Wanmucaotang yigao 萬木草堂遺稿.

Source:

Tang Zhijun 湯志鈞 (1992). "Kang Youwei 康有爲", in Zhongguo alcoholic drink baike quanshu 中國大百科全書, Zhongguo lishi 中國歷史 (Beijing/Shanghai: Zhongguo da baike quanshu chubanshe), Vol.

1, 516.